The 212AY Library

AI
Glossary.

200+ artificial intelligence terms explained in plain language — from machine learning and LLMs to AI agents, RAG and prompt engineering. Every definition comes with a concrete example, in English, French and Arabic.

200 terms

A

Fundamentals

A/B Testing

ab testing
Fundamentals

Accuracy

accuracy
Deep Learning

Activation Function

activation function
Ethics & Safety

Adversarial Attack

adversarial attack
Automation

Agent Memory

agent memory
Automation

Agentic AI

agentic ai
Automation

Agentic Workflow

agentic workflow
Fundamentals

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

agi
Ethics & Safety

EU AI Act

ai act
Business AI

AI Adoption

ai adoption
Automation

AI Agent

ai agent
Ethics & Safety

AI Alignment

ai alignment
Business AI

AI Employee

ai employee
Ethics & Safety

AI Ethics

ai ethics
Business AI

AI Literacy

ai literacy
Ethics & Safety

AI Safety

ai safety
Business AI

AI Transformation

ai transformation
Ethics & Safety

Algorithmic Bias

algorithmic bias
Applications

Anomaly Detection

anomaly detection
AI Infrastructure

Application Programming Interface (API)

api
Fundamentals

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

artificial intelligence
LLMs & Models

Attention Mechanism

attention mechanism
Deep Learning

Autoencoder

autoencoder
Data Science

Automated Machine Learning (AutoML)

automated machine learning
Automation

Automation

automation
Automation

Autonomous Agent

autonomous agent

B

Deep Learning

Backpropagation

backpropagation
LLMs & Models

Base Model

base model
Deep Learning

Batch Normalization

batch normalization
Fundamentals

Batch Size

batch size
Fundamentals

Benchmark

benchmark
LLMs & Models

BERT

bert
Fundamentals

Bias-Variance Tradeoff

bias variance tradeoff
NLP

BLEU Score

bleu score
LLMs & Models

Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE)

bpe

C

Deep Learning

Catastrophic Forgetting

catastrophic forgetting
Prompt Engineering

Chain of Thought (CoT)

chain of thought
NLP

Chatbot

chatbot
Tools & Platforms

ChatGPT

chatgpt
Fundamentals

Classification

classification
Data Science

Clustering

clustering
Applications

Code Generation

code generation
Computer Vision

Computer Vision

computer vision
LLMs & Models

Context Window

context window
Deep Learning

Contrastive Learning

contrastive learning
Computer Vision

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)

convolutional neural network
Deep Learning

Curriculum Learning

curriculum learning

D

Data Science

Data Augmentation

data augmentation
Data Science

Data Cleaning

data cleaning
Data Science

Data Labeling

data labeling
Data Science

Data Pipeline

data pipeline
Data Science

Dataset

dataset
Fundamentals

Decision Tree

decision tree
Ethics & Safety

Deepfake

deep fake
Deep Learning

Deep Learning

deep learning
Deep Learning

Diffusion Model

diffusion model
Data Science

Dimensionality Reduction

dimensionality reduction
AI Infrastructure

Distributed Training

distributed training
Deep Learning

Dropout

dropout

E

AI Infrastructure

Edge AI

edge ai
Fundamentals

Embedding Model

embedding model
Fundamentals

Embeddings

embeddings
Fundamentals

Ensemble Learning

ensemble learning
Fundamentals

Evaluation Metrics

evaluation metrics
Ethics & Safety

Explainable AI (XAI)

explainable ai

F

Data Science

Feature Engineering

feature engineering
Data Science

Feature Extraction

feature extraction
Data Science

Feature Selection

feature selection
Deep Learning

Federated Learning

federated learning
LLMs & Models

Few-Shot Learning

few shot learning
Prompt Engineering

Few-Shot Prompting

few shot prompting
LLMs & Models

Fine-Tuning

fine tuning
Prompt Engineering

Function Calling

function calling

G

LLMs & Models

Generative AI

generative ai
LLMs & Models

GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer)

gpt
AI Infrastructure

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

gpu
Deep Learning

Gradient Descent

gradient descent
NLP

Grounding

grounding

H

LLMs & Models

Hallucination

hallucination
Deep Learning

Hyperparameter Tuning

hyperparameter tuning

I

Computer Vision

Image Classification

image classification
Computer Vision

Image Generation

image generation
Computer Vision

Image-to-Text

image to text
Data Science

Imbalanced Data

imbalanced data
LLMs & Models

In-Context Learning (ICL)

in context learning
AI Infrastructure

Inference

inference
Computer Vision

Inpainting

inpainting
LLMs & Models

Instruction Following

instruction following
LLMs & Models

Instruction Tuning

instruction tuning
Applications

Intelligent Document Processing (IDP)

intelligent document processing
NLP

Intent Recognition

intent recognition
Ethics & Safety

Interpretability

interpretability

J

Ethics & Safety

Jailbreaking

jailbreaking
Prompt Engineering

JSON Mode

json mode
Tools & Platforms

Jupyter Notebook

jupyter notebook

K

Fundamentals

K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)

k nearest neighbors
Tools & Platforms

Kaggle

kaggle
LLMs & Models

Knowledge Distillation

knowledge distillation
Data Science

Knowledge Graph

knowledge graph
AI Infrastructure

Kubernetes

kubernetes

L

Tools & Platforms

LangChain

langchain
LLMs & Models

Large Language Model (LLM)

large language model
Deep Learning

Latent Space

latent space
Deep Learning

Layer Normalization

layer normalization
Fundamentals

Leaderboard

leaderboard
Fundamentals

Learning Rate

learning rate
LLMs & Models

LLaMA

llama
LLMs & Models

LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation)

lora
Deep Learning

Loss Function

loss function
Deep Learning

Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)

lstm

M

Fundamentals

Machine Learning

machine learning
LLMs & Models

Mistral

mistral
LLMs & Models

Mixture of Experts (MoE)

mixture of experts
AI Infrastructure

MLOps

mlops
Ethics & Safety

Model Auditing

model auditing
Ethics & Safety

Model Card

model card
Tools & Platforms

Model Catalog

model catalog
AI Infrastructure

Model Compression

model compression
AI Infrastructure

Model Optimization

model optimization
AI Infrastructure

Model Registry

model registry
AI Infrastructure

Model Serving

model serving
LLMs & Models

Multimodal AI

multimodal

N

NLP

Named Entity Recognition (NER)

named entity recognition
NLP

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

natural language processing
Deep Learning

Neural Architecture Search (NAS)

neural architecture search
Deep Learning

Neural Network

neural network
Data Science

Noise Reduction

noise reduction

O

Computer Vision

Object Detection

object detection
AI Infrastructure

On-Device AI

on device ai
LLMs & Models

Open-Source AI

open source ai
Computer Vision

Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

optical character recognition
Automation

Orchestration

orchestration
Fundamentals

Overfitting

overfitting

P

LLMs & Models

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT)

parameter efficient finetuning
LLMs & Models

Perplexity

perplexity
LLMs & Models

Positional Encoding

positional encoding
Fundamentals

Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)

ppo
LLMs & Models

Pre-Training

pre training
Fundamentals

Precision & Recall

precision recall
Prompt Engineering

Prompt Chaining

prompt chaining
Prompt Engineering

Prompt Engineering

prompt engineering
Ethics & Safety

Prompt Injection

prompt injection
Prompt Engineering

Prompt Optimization

prompt optimization
Prompt Engineering

Prompt Template

prompt template
AI Infrastructure

Pruning

pruning

Q

Tools & Platforms

Qdrant

qdrant
LLMs & Models

QLoRA

qlora
AI Infrastructure

Quantization

quantization
Fundamentals

Quantum Machine Learning (QML)

quantum machine learning
Prompt Engineering

Query Expansion

query expansion
NLP

Question Answering (QA)

question answering

R

Fundamentals

Random Forest

random forest
Automation

ReAct Prompting (Reason + Act)

react prompting
LLMs & Models

Reasoning Model

reasoning model
Applications

Recommendation System

recommendation system
Deep Learning

Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)

recurrent neural network
Ethics & Safety

Red Teaming

red teaming
Fundamentals

Regression

regression
Deep Learning

Regularization

regularization
Fundamentals

Reinforcement Learning (RL)

reinforcement learning
Tools & Platforms

Replit

replit
Prompt Engineering

Reranking

reranking
Deep Learning

Residual Network (ResNet)

residual network
Ethics & Safety

Responsible AI

responsible ai
Prompt Engineering

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)

retrieval augmented generation
LLMs & Models

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF)

rlhf
Automation

Robotic Process Automation (RPA)

robotic process automation
Robotics

Robotics

robotics
LLMs & Models

Rotary Positional Encoding (RoPE)

rotary positional encoding

S

AI Infrastructure

Scaling

scaling
LLMs & Models

Self-Attention

self attention
NLP

Semantic Search

semantic search
NLP

Sentiment Analysis

sentiment analysis
Fundamentals

Softmax

softmax
NLP

Speech Synthesis

speech synthesis
Fundamentals

Supervised Learning

supervised learning
Data Science

Synthetic Data

synthetic data

T

Data Science

t-SNE

t sne
Data Science

Tabular Data

tabular data
LLMs & Models

Temperature

temperature
NLP

Text Generation

text generation
Applications

Text-to-Speech (TTS)

text to speech
Applications

Time-Series Forecasting

time series forecasting
LLMs & Models

Token

token
LLMs & Models

Tokenization

tokenization
Automation

Tool Use

tool use
Data Science

Training Data

training data
LLMs & Models

Transfer Learning

transfer learning
LLMs & Models

Transformer

transformer

U

Fundamentals

Underfitting

underfitting
Fundamentals

Unsupervised Learning

unsupervised learning

V

AI Infrastructure

Vector Database

vector database
Tools & Platforms

Vector Search

vector search
Tools & Platforms

Vibe Coding

vibe coding
Computer Vision

Vision-Language Model (VLM)

vision language model

W

Tools & Platforms

Weaviate

weaviate
Automation

Workflow Automation

workflow automation

X

Fundamentals

XGBoost

xgboost

Y

Computer Vision

YOLO (You Only Look Once)

yolo

Z

LLMs & Models

Zero-Shot Learning

zero shot learning